Section I: Basic principles. A. Fundamentals. --
Epidemiology of smell and taste dysfunction --
B. Morphophysiology of the olfactory and nasal trigeminal sensory systems. Anatomy of the olfactory system --
Development of the human olfactory system --
Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa --
Olfactory receptor function --
Central olfactory structures --
Taste and smell processing in the brain --
The intranasal trigeminal system --
Cranial nerve 13 --
C. Morphophysiology of the gustatory and oral trigeminal systems. Anatomy and development of the human taste system --
Taste receptor function --
Central taste anatomy and physiology --
The orotrigeminal system --
Section II: Clinical aspects. A. Clinical assessment --
Health histories and medical evaluations of patients with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction --
Psychophysical testing of smell and taste function --
Electrophysiologic assessment of olfactory and gustatory function --
Neuroimaging of smell and taste --
B. Diseases and disorders. Diseases of the nasal cavity --
Neurolocalization of taste disorders --
Chemosensory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases --
Systemic diseases and disorders --
Toxic exposures and the senses of taste and smell --
The influence of head injury on olfactory and gustatory function --
Animal models of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases --
C. Treatment and management of chemosensory disorders. Treatments for smell and taste disorders: a critical review.