TY - GEN AU - Fitzmaurice, Garrett M. AU - Laird, Nan M. AU - Ware, James H. TI - Applied longitudinal analysis SN - 9780470380277 U1 - 519.53 PY - 2011/// CY - Hoboken, New Jersey : PB - Wiley KW - Biometry - methods KW - Longitudinal methods KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Medical statistics N1 - contents note: pt. I Introduction to Longitudinal and Clustered Data 1.Longitudinal and Clustered Data 1.1.Introduction 1.2.Longitudinal and Clustered Data 1.3.Examples 1.4.Regression Models for Correlated Responses 1.5.Organization of the Book 1.6.Further Reading 2.Longitudinal Data: Basic Concepts 2.1.Introduction 2.2.Objectives of Longitudinal Analysis 2.3.Defining Features of Longitudinal Data 2.4.Example: Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Trial 2.5.Sources of Correlation in Longitudinal Data 2.6.Further Reading Problems pt. II Linear Models for Longitudinal Continuous Data 3.Overview of Linear Models for Longitudinal Data 3.1.Introduction 3.2.Notation and Distributional Assumptions 3.3.Simple Descriptive Methods of Analysis 3.4.Modeling the Mean 3.5.Modeling the Covariance 3.6.Historical Approaches 3.7.Further Reading 4.Estimation and Statistical Inference 4.1.Introduction Contents note continued: 4.2.Estimation: Maximum Likelihood 4.3.Missing Data Issues 4.4.Statistical Inference 4.5.Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) Estimation 4.6.Further Reading 5.Modeling the Mean: Analyzing Response Profiles 5.1.Introduction 5.2.Hypotheses Concerning Response Profiles 5.3.General Linear Model Formulation 5.4.Case Study 5.5.One-Degree-of-Freedom Tests for Group by Time Interaction 5.6.Adjustment for Baseline Response 5.7.Alternative Methods of Adjusting for Baseline Response 5.8.Strengths and Weaknesses of Analyzing Response Profiles 5.9.Computing: Analyzing Response Profiles Using PROC MIXED in SAS 5.10.Further Reading 6.Modeling the Mean: Parametric Curves 6.1.Introduction 6.2.Polynomial Trends in Time 6.3.Linear Splines 6.4.General Linear Model Formulation 6.5.Case Studies 6.6.Computing: Fitting Parametric Curves Using PROC MIXED in SAS 6.7.Further Reading Contents note continued: 7.Modeling the Covariance 7.1.Introduction 7.2.Implications of Correlation among Longitudinal Data 7.3.Unstructured Covariance 7.4.Covariance Pattern Models 7.5.Choice among Covariance Pattern Models 7.6.Case Study 7.7.Discussion: Strengths and Weaknesses of Covariance Pattern Models 7.8.Computing: Fitting Covariance Pattern Models Using PROC MIXED in SAS 7.9.Further Reading 8.Linear Mixed Effects Models 8.1.Introduction 8.2.Linear Mixed Effects Models 8.3.Random Effects Covariance Structure 8.4.Two-Stage Random Effects Formulation 8.5.Choice among Random Effects Covariance Models 8.6.Prediction of Random Effects 8.7.Prediction and Shrinkage 8.8.Case Studies 8.9.Computing: Fitting Linear Mixed Effects Models Using PROC MIXED in SAS 8.10.Further Reading 9.Fixed Effects versus Random Effects Models 9.1.Introduction 9.2.Linear Fixed Effects Models Contents note continued: 9.3.Fixed Effects versus Random Effects: Bias-Variance Trade-off 9.4.Resolving the Dilemma of Choosing Between Fixed and Random Effects Models 9.5.Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Information 9.6.Case Study 9.7.Computing: Fitting Linear Fixed Effects Models Using PROC GLM in SAS 9.8.Computing: Decomposition of Between-Subject and Within-Subject Effects Using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.9.Further Reading 10.Residual Analyses and Diagnostics 10.1.Introduction 10.2.Residuals 10.3.Transformed Residuals 10.4.Aggregating Residuals 10.5.Semi-Variogram 10.6.Case Study 10.7.Summary 10.8.Further Reading pt. III Generalized Linear Models for Longitudinal Data 11.Review of Generalized Linear Models 11.1.Introduction 11.2.Salient Features of Generalized Linear Models 11.3.Illustrative Examples 11.4.Ordinal Regression Models 11.5.Overdispersion Contents note continued: 11.6.Computing: Fitting Generalized Linear Models Using PROC GENMOD in SAS 11.7.Overview of Generalized Linear Models 11.8.Further Reading 12.Marginal Models: Introduction and Overview 12.1.Introduction 12.2.Marginal Models for Longitudinal Data 12.3.Illustrative Examples of Marginal Models 12.4.Distributional Assumptions for Marginal Models 12.5.Further Reading 13.Marginal Models: Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) 13.1.Introduction 13.2.Estimation of Marginal Models: Generalized Estimating Equations 13.3.Residual Analyses and Diagnostics 13.4.Case Studies 13.5.Marginal Models and Time-Varying Covariates 13.6.Computing: Generalized Estimating Equations Using PROC GENMOD in SAS 13.7.Further Reading 14.Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models 14.1.Introduction 14.2.Incorporating Random Effects in Generalized Linear Models 14.3.Interpretation of Regression Parameters Contents note continued: 14.4.Overdispersion 14.5.Estimation and Inference 14.6.A Note on Conditional Maximum Likelihood 14.7.Case Studies 14.8.Computing: Fitting Generalized Linear Mixed Models Using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS 14.9.Further Reading 15.Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models: Approximate Methods of Estimation 15.1.Introduction 15.2.Penalized Quasi-Likelihood 15.3.Marginal Quasi-Likelihood 15.4.Cautionary Remarks on the Use of PQL and MQL 15.5.Case Studies 15.6.Computing: Fitting GLMMs Using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS 15.7.Basis of PQL and MQL Approximations 15.8.Further Reading 16.Contrasting Marginal and Mixed Effects Models 16.1.Introduction 16.2.Linear Models: A Special Case 16.3.Generalized Linear Models 16.4.Simple Numerical Illustration 16.5.Case Study 16.6.Conclusion 16.7.Further Reading pt. IV Missing Data and Dropout Contents note continued: 17.Missing Data and Dropout: Overview of Concepts and Methods 17.1.Introduction 17.2.Hierarchy of Missing Data Mechanisms 17.3.Implications for Longitudinal Analysis 17.4.Dropout 17.5.Common Approaches for Handling Dropout 17.6.Bias of Last Value Carried Forward Imputation 17.7.Further Reading 18.Missing Data and Dropout: Multiple Imputation and Weighting Methods 18.1.Introduction 18.2.Multiple Imputation 18.3.Inverse Probability Weighted Methods 18.4.Case Studies 18.5."Sandwich" Variance Estimator Adjusting for Estimation of Weights 18.6.Computing: Multiple Imputation Using PROC MI in SAS 18.7.Computing: Inverse Probability Weighted (IPW) Methods in SAS 18.8.Further Reading pt. V Advanced Topics for Longitudinal and Clustered Data 19.Smoothing Longitudinal Data: Semiparametric Regression Models 19.1.Introduction 19.2.Penalized Splines for a Univariate Response 19.3.Case Study Contents note continued: 19.4.Penalized Splines for Longitudinal Data 19.5.Case Study 19.6.Fitting Smooth Curves to Individual Longitudinal Data 19.7.Case Study 19.8.Computing: Fitting Smooth Curves Using PROC MIXED in SAS 19.9.Further Reading 20.Sample Size and Power 20.1.Introduction 20.2.Sample Size for a Univariate Continuous Response 20.3.Sample Size for a Longitudinal Continuous Response 20.4.Sample Size for a Longitudinal Binary Response 20.5.Summary 20.6.Computing: Sample Size Calculation Using Pseudo-Data 20.7.Further Reading 21.Repeated Measures and Related Designs 21.1.Introduction 21.2.Repeated Measures Designs 21.3.Multiple Source Data 21.4.Case Study 1: Repeated Measures Experiment 21.5.Case Study 2: Multiple Source Data 21.6.Summary 21.7.Further Reading 22.Multilevel Models 22.1.Introduction 22.2.Multilevel Data 22.3.Multilevel Linear Models 22.4.Multilevel Generalized Linear Models Contents note continued: 22.5.Summary 22.6.Further Reading N2 - Summary: "Since the publication of the first edition, the authors have solicited feedback from both the instructors who use the book as a text for their courses as well as the researchers who use the book as a resource for their research. Thus, the improved Second Edition of Applied Longitudinal Analysis features many additions and revisions based on the feedback of readers, making it the go-to reference for applied use in public health, epidemiology, and pharmaceutical sciences" ER -